-B-  ‘WANT/DESIRE/REQUEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) want/desire [emotion + object of desire]

1. request [desire + thing requested]

2. conscious desire based on need/lack/goal

2. need/lack/necessity + thing needed or lacking

3. hope/wish [feeling + thing wished/hoped for]

3. ambition/goal/aspiration; aspire

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the feeling of desire

same as above 3 stems referring to the thing desired

same as above 3 stems referring to the feeling of desire/need

same as above 3 stems referring to the thing requested/needed

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. application of knowledge / apply knowledge to practical purpose [both application and result]

1. piece of technology; tool/product resulting from the application of science

2. theorize / theory - observational knowledge utilized and integrated to create coherent explanation

2.prototype; piece of technology used to test theory

3. brainstorm; inspiration and insight into the application of knowledge to solve a problem

3. specific technological discovery; breakthrough solution

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems but with focus on the process of applying knowledge

-BW- ‘MOUTH/ORAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mouth [= oral orifice]

Same as INFORMAL Stems but for non-animal entity or figuratively

2. lip [use of DPX = lips]

3. interior of mouth/oral cavity

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on bodily location/physical aspect

Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose, use, function

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. dog

1. dog as resource

2. male dog

2. male dog as resource

3. female dog, bitch

3. female dog as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild/feral dog

1. domesticated/pet dog

1. dog as food/prey

1. dog as derived resource or processed product

2. wild/feral male dog

2. domesticated/pet male dog

2. male dog as food/prey

2. male dog as derived resource or processed product

3. wild/feral female dog

3. domesticated/pet female dog

3. female dog as food/prey

3. female dog as derived resource or processed product

-BZ- ‘DESCRIPTION/ACCOUNT/STORY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. description/account; to describe, to informally communicate an account of something [process + contents]

1. narrative story; communicate a story [process + contents]

2. relate/report/recount = communication from memory or observations [process + contents]

2. recitation; recite (=communicate/describe from record or based on memorization) [process + contents]

3. historical narrative / historical account [work itself + contents]

3. fictional narrative / fictional story [work itself + contents]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the process of describing/communi-cating

same as above 3 stems referring to content thereof

same as above 3 stems referring to the process of describing/communi-cating

same as above 3 stems referring to content thereof

-C- ‘EXISTENCE/ONTOLOGY/METAPHYSICS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. exist objectively; something that exists; be(ing) [both ontological and metaphysical]

Same as INFORMAL stems except in reference to epistemological context [i.e., in relation to knowledge/awareness of ontological or metaphysical existence]

2. law of nature / existential axiom

3. natural/inherent

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to ontology / ontological aspect

same as above 3 stems referring to metaphysics / metaphysical aspect

-CM- ‘LONGITUDE / EAST-WEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. east-west axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

1. longitude

2. west axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

2. West longitude

3. east axis/orientation/direction/areal designation

3. East longitude

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. east-west axial direction or orientation

1. east-west geographical or geopolitical areal designation

1. meridian

1. zero meridian (Greenwich meridian)

2. west direction or orientation

2. west geographical or geopolitical areal designation

2. time zone

2. Western Hemisphere

3. east direction or orientation

3. east geographical or geopolitical areal designation

3. International Date Line

3. Eastern Hemisphere

-CN-  ‘PLANT TYPES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. branched/leaved plant including its fruit or flower

same as FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.)

2. grass-like or stalked plant including its seed or grain

3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold including its spore or cyst

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. branched/leaved plant

1. flower, fruit, or blossom of branched/leaved plant

2. grass-like or stalked plant

2. seed, grain, or kernel of grass-like or stalked plant

3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold

3. spore or cyst of moss-like or fungal plant or mold

-CP’- ‘BODILY JOINT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. bodily joint (physical joint + function); flex joint

1. specialized bodily joint/juncture

2. ball & socket-type bodily joint

2. vertebra

3. standard-type joint

3. wrist/ankle/waist (lateral circular joint type)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to external hard or knob-like external body part

Same as above 3 stems referring to internal joint and its function/process

Same as above 3 stems

Same as above 3 stems

-CQ-   ‘SIX’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 6 / a sextet; to be 6 in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make six-faceted / having 6 uses or aspects / sexa-  / hexa- / sixfold

3. sixth one in a sequence; be/make sixth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 6 times the number of something; to sextuple / multiply by 6

1. a sixth / divide by 6 or into 6 parts

2. 6 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 6 times

2. be of or make into 6 parts; separate(d) into 6 parts

3. to the 6th power; raise to the 6th power

3. to the negative 6th power; to divide by the 6th power of

-CT’- ‘THREE-DIMENSIONAL BLOCK-LIKE SHAPES/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. cube [solid volume]

Same as INFORMAL stems but as outline edges/frame only, not as solid volumes

2. rectilinear block [solid volume]

3. disc

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

-C^h-   ‘GRIEF / SADNESS FROM LOSS / MOURNING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. non-volitional (i.e., affective) experience of a grief/sadness due to loss; feel grief [state + content]

Same as INFORMAL stems except referring to a formal/institutionalized/symbolic expression of grief, i.e., mourning.

2. act or action caused by non-volitional experience of grief

3. cause or causal circumstance for one’s grief

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on process/behavior itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on experiential state/feeling of grief itself

ÇK^hW-    ‘PORCUPINE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of mammalian/avian/reptilian genus

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

-ÇT-    ‘FIT/HOLD/CONTAIN AS INTERNAL-EXTERNAL PARTITION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. holding area / containment area; hold/keep/contain

1. room, chamber

2. fit; to fit, contain (= have sufficient room for)

2. reside, situate; room as place of residence, quasi-permanent situation or default location

3. volume or boundary of containment area

3. room boundaries (i.e., walls, floor, ceiling)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the physical boundaries (“walls”) which define the containment area and prevent contents from leaking or escaping

same as above 3 stems referring to the space (“room”) within the holding area and protection of contents from external environment

same as above 3 stems referring to the room as a container separating inside from outside

same as above 3 stems referring to the space within the room as shelter or sanctuary

-Č- ‘PHYSICAL CONTACT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. physical contact between 2 or more objects [contact + effect]

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that the context is specific to physical contact by one’s “default” appendage(s) for volitional physical contact, i.e., hands/fingers, beak, snout, tongue, pseudopod, tendril, tentacle, etc.

2. application of physical pressure/force + effect

3. move or set in motion via physical contact + resulting motion

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems but with focus on physical act of contact

same as above 3 stems but with focus on resulting effect/movement

-ČK- ‘SWITCH/ALTERATION BETWEEN MULTI-VALUED SETTINGS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. switch to a different value or setting

Same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to permanent, authoritative, formal contexts or to social or analogical contexts

2. veer, change course

3. change to a less active or more active setting; increase or decrease intensity or setting

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. switch to higher/greater value or setting

1. switch to lower/lesser value or setting

2. change to more difficult, dangerous, or unpredictable course

2. change to easier, safer, or more predictable course

3. increase to higher/stronger intensity

3. decrease to lower/weaker intensity

-ČK^h-   ‘TEN QUADRILLION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of ten quadrillion; to be 10 quadrillion in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make 10 quadrillion-faceted / having 10 quadrillion uses or aspects / 10 quadrillion-fold

3. 10 quadrillionth in a sequence; be/make quadrillionth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 10 quadrillion times the number of something; to multiply by 10 quadrillion

1. a ten quadrillionth / divide by 10 quadrillion or into 10 quadrillion parts

2. 10 quadrillion times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 10 quadrillion times

2. be of or make into 10 quadrillion parts; separate(d) into 10 quadrillion  parts

3. to the 10 quadrillionth power; raise to the 10 quadrillionth power

3. to the negative 10 quadrillionth power; to divide by the 10 quadrillionth power of

-ČN-   ‘DEGREE OF WAKEFULNESS OR CONSCIOUSNESS’
Note: Stems from this root are used in conjunction with various degree indicator affixes such as the EXN, EXD and SUF affixes from Sec. 7.7.6 in order to distinguish which polarity (awake vs. asleep) is implied.

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of consciousness or unconsciousness

1. degree of activity/vivaciousness/“energy”

2. degree of wakefulness or sleepiness

2. degree of dormancy or hibernation

3. degree of alertness/focus/attention/awareness or lack thereof

3. degree of personal intent/diligence/enterprise

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. capacity for or faculty of consciousness

1. object/entity/thought of which one is conscious

1. state of activity / vivaciousness / liveliness / energy

1. object of activity / vivaciousness / liveliness / energy

2. capacity for or faculty of wakefulness/sleepiness

2. that which stimulates awakening or lulls into sleep

2. state of dormancy/hibernation

2. object of dormancy/hibernation

3. capacity for or faculty of alertness/attention/awareness

3. that to or of which one is alert/attentive/aware

3. state of personal intent/diligence/enterprise

3. object of one’s intent/diligence/enterprise

-Č’- ‘ACCESS/PASSAGE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. access point / passage; pass through, access

1. doorway (= the access portal itself, not the door which opens/closes off access)

2. passage or infiltration of one substance into another

2. gateway / portal

3. filter / screening [selective access]

3. checkpoint

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. enter / go in / pass within / ingress

1. exit / go out / egress

1. enter (through primary/official entrance/access portal)

1. exit (through primary/official entrance/access portal)

2. infiltrate / imbue / immerse

2. emit / dispense

2. receive (= welcome) ; reception

2. remove / dispel

3. filter through

3. filter out

3. admittance; admit; let in

3. oust, put out / eject; ejection

-Č^h-  ‘MAKE/CONSTRUCT/INTEGRATE/FORM’
(NOTE:  This root does not refer to ‘make/create’ meaning ‘emit/secrete/produce&rsrsquo;as in ‘make noise’ or ‘make milk’, etc.)

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. make/construct/create (non-mechanical) [= construct via integration of material resources]

1. mechanically construct / build from a design

2. to form/fashion/mix  (non-mechanical) [= combine ingredients/parts to form]

2. integrate parts / integration of parts

3. integrate/organize (non-mechanical)

3. machine / mechanical device

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effort/work involved

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the result or product

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effort/work involved

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the result or product

-D-   ‘NAME/DESIGNATION/TITLE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. name + referent; to be named, to be called

1. title + referent

2. designation/reference + referent; refer to as

2. formal designation + referent

3. label / nickname + referent; to go by

3. role

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the reference

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the referent

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the reference

Same as above 3 stems but with focus on the referent

-DK- ‘MISCELLANEOUS BODY PARTS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. buttock

1. haunch

2. breast/teat

2. snout/proboscis

3. navel

3. fin

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect

-DL-  ‘HAND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. hand (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “hand” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. hand (as holder, grasper, striker) [both physical body part and function]; to grasp-->hold

3. leg (as manipulator, handler, feeler) [both physical body part and function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. hand as physical body part

1. function of hand as “feeler”- focuser of body’s tactile sense

2. hand as main tool of body

2. function of hand as holder/grasper

3. hand as limb/extension

3. function of hand as manipulator/handler

-DN- ‘GOODWILL/FRIENDLINESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. being nice [= emotional/spiritual/physical support of another’s interests]

1. good samaritanship, going out of the way to help

2. goodwill, benevolent intent, kindness

2. peace / fellowship

3. amicability / friendliness

3. friendship (unidirectional)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act(ions) or behavior

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on emotion or feeling

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act(ions) or behavior

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on emotion or feeling

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. guide / guideline + compliance

1. rule, precept + obedience

2. manage / direct + compliance

2. preside over / mete out law / govern + abidance

3. discipline + submission/obedience

3. moral guideline + personal rectitude

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. guide / guideline

1. follow guide / follow guideline

1. rule, precept

1. obey rule or precept

2. manage / direct

2. comply / follow direction(s)

2. preside over / met out law / govern

2. abide by law / obey law

3. apply discipline

3. submit to discipline

3. moral guideline

3. personal rectitude

-DY- ‘SENSE/SENSATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sense/sensation, “feel” / “feeling” [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]; an act of sensing something

1. examine via the senses [both act and result/outcome]

2. sensor / sensory organ [function + sensor itself]

2. sensor(y) device/instrument [both use and device itself]

3. imagine a sensation or feeling / imagined sensation or feeling [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]

3. create/induce a sensory experience [both act and result/outcome]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to sense / act of sensing

1. a sensation, a feeling

1. examine via the senses [the act thereof]

1. resulting evidence of senses

2. sense faculty/ability

2. sensor(y) organ

2. sensor(y) device/instrument [the use thereof]

2. sensor(y) device or instrument [the device/instrument itself]

3. imagine a sensation/feeling

3. a mentally imagined sensation

3. create a sensory experience or feeling [the act thereof]

3. sensation/feeling as externally created/induced

-Dh- ‘WATER AS SUBSTANCE AND TOOL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (some) water; (be/make) wet / moist(en)

1. (some) water as component of life

2. (some) water in context of usage [both substance and use]

2. (some) water as nourishment; to consume/drink water

3. ice

3. (some) water as biological environment or medium

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. (some) water [substance itself]

1. degree of moisture [from water]

1. (some) water of one’s corporeal body

1. hydration; hydrate

2. water as “tool” (e.g., for washing, for powering a turbine, etc.)

2. wash, clean [with water]

2. act of drinking water; to drink water

2. to water (e.g., plants)

3. ice / freeze

3. float

3. (some) water from a natural environmental setting

3. to inhabit water / live in water / water-dwelling

-F-    ‘SPATIAL ORIENTATION / POSITION / DIRECTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. general spatial position [currently or within context of utterance]; be situated at

1. specific spatial position at “end point”; be situated at “end point” of

2. general orientation (along or relative to directional axes); to “face” [toward]

2. specific orientation toward “end point” of; to “face” squarely

3. general direction/axis of movement; direct/move along axis of

3. specific direction/axis of movement toward “end point” of; to head straight for

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. general position toward “one side” of opposed spatial points

1. general position toward “other side” of opposed spatial points

1. specific position at “one end” of opposed spatial points

1. specific position at “other side” of opposed spatial points

2. general orientation toward “one side” of opposed spatial points

2. general orientation toward “other side” of opposed spatial points

2. specific orientation toward “one end” of opposed spatial points

2. specific orientation toward “other end” of opposed spatial points

3. general direction toward “one side” of opposed spatial points

3. general direction toward “other side” of opposed spatial points

3. specific direction toward “one end” of opposed spatial points

3. specific direction toward “other end” of opposed spatial points

-FF-    ‘PLEASURE- or PAIN-BASED VOCALIZATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sigh (affective/non-volitional)

Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) vocalizations

2. squeal/groan/moan (affective/non-volitional)

3. gasp (affective/non-volitional)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental  pleasure or satisfaction

Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental distress, pain, torment, or dissatisfaction

-FN-  ‘COUSIN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. cousin [male or female]

1. step-cousin [male or female]

2. male cousin

2. male step-cousin

3. female cousin

3. female step-cousin

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s mother]

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s father]

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepmother]

1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepfather]

2. male cousin [related through one’s mother]

2. male cousin [related through one’s father]

2. male cousin [related through one’s stepmother]

2. male cousin [related through one’s stepfather]

3. female cousin [related through one’s mother]

3. female cousin [related through one’s father]

3. female cousin [related through one’s stepmother]

3. female cousin [related through one’s stepfather]

-FR- ‘TIME PERIOD/DURATION LESS THAN ONE DAY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. moment/instant

1. ‘second’ [= basic unit of cyclic time, based on clapping of hands once together then once with back of hands together]

2. a ‘while’

2. ‘minute’ = 100 seconds

3. portion of a day

3. ‘hour’ = 100 minutes

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above three stems w/ focus on elapsed time

Same as above three stems w/ focus on time during which

Same as above three stems w/ focus on elapsed time

Same as above three stems w/ focus on time during which

-FŘ- ‘INFIRMITY/PHYSICAL DISABILITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. general weakness/infirmity (e.g., age-related or illness-related)

1. acute infirmity, attack, flare-up

2. specific physical disability or abnormality; disabled

2. injury; injure(d)

3. lame, crippled, handicapped, impaired (permanently or chronically)

3. impaired; decreased mobility (temporary)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on underlying condition itself

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical effect, impact, symptoms, manifestation

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on underlying condition itself

same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical effect, impact, symptoms, manifestation

-FŠ- ‘ABDOMEN/THORAX/TORSO/CHEST’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. thorax/torso [both body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “mid-section” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. abdomen/midsection (lower front half of torso) [both body part and function]

3. chest (upper front of torso) [both  body part and function)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part

Same as above 3 stems referring to function

-FŢ-  ‘INSECT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of particular genus of insect

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

-FY-   ‘EIGHT

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 8 / an octet; to be 8 in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make eight-faceted / having 8 uses or aspects / octo- / eightfold

3. eighth one in a sequence; be/make eighth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 8 times the number of something; to octtuple / multiply by 8

1. an eighth / divide by 8 or into 8 parts

2. 8 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 8 times

2. be of or make into 8 parts; separate(d) into 8 parts

3. to the 8th power; raise to the 8th power

3. to the negative 8th power; to divide by the 8th power of

-G-  ‘COMPONENTIAL PART OF WHOLE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. component/part of something + its function/purpose

Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to a separable/detachable component/part, as opposed to INFORMAL stems which refer to an inalienable or integrated component/part

2. appearance/condition of component/part + its function/purpose

3. component/part as seen in relation to the greater whole

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. component/part itself

1. function/purpose of component/part

2. phsycial appearance/condition of component/part

2. impact/effect of component’s/part’s condition on its function/purpose

3. component/part itself as seen in relation to the greater whole

3. function/purpose of component/part itself in relation to the greater whole

-GB-  ‘FANTASTIC OR IMAGINARY CREATURE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. fantastic or imaginary creature/beast

1. mythological/symbolic creature/beast

2. winged fantastic creature/beast

2. legendary being/creature/beast, allegedly real

3. reptilian/saurian fantastic creature/beast

3. alien/extraterrestrial being

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body or presence of creature/beast itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the mind, personality, character, or interaction/communication with the creature/beast

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body or presence of creature/beast itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the mind, personality, character, or interaction/communication with the creature/beast

-GD- ‘NECK’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. neck (as gestalt entity) [body part + function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “neck” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc.

2. neck (as bodily support/swivel point for head) [body part + function

3. neck (as narrowest, most vulnerable body part) [body part + function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. neck as physical body part

1. neck as functional body part

2. neck as bodily support/swivel point for head

2. neck as functional support/swivel point for head

3. neck as physically narrowest, most vulnerable body part)

3. neck as functionally narrowest, most vulnerable body part

-GL-   ‘STATE OF HEALTH/ILLNESS/WELL-BEING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. state of physical health / physical well-being

1. state of mental health / mental well-being

2. physical illness; sick(ness)

2. mental illness

3. physical injury/wound/lesion/trauma

3. mental trauma

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause

-GM- ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL OUTLINE SHAPES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1.   generic 2-D outline shape (e.g., the shape of a close-course race-track, the outline of the shore of a lake, a drawing of a national border on a map, etc.)

1. 2-D outline shape generically distorted

2. generic 2-D outline horizontally elongated

2. 2-D outline shape obliquely elongated / skewed along one axis

3. generic 2-D outline vertically elongated

3. 2-D outline shape medially compressed, i.e., “squished/pinched in the middle”

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

Same as above 3 stems referring to shape itself as abstract archetype

Same as above 3 stems referring to an object having that shape or form

-GR-  ‘NUTRITION / NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. food and drink; to eat and drink

1. eat a serving of food or drink; to dine

2. food; to eat

2. prepared/cooked food; to eat prepared/cooked food

3. drink (i.e., substance drunk); to drink

3. processed drink or spirits; to drink processed drink or spirits

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. eat and drink as biological process

1. food and drink (substances consumed)

same as above 3 stems but with focus on the process of consumption

same as above 3 stems but with focus on the items consumed

2. eat/ingest/consume

2. item of solid food

3. drink/imbibe

3. liquid (to be) drunk

-GV-    ‘ARTICLE OF CLOTHING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. piece of clothing as covering or fashion; to wear such

1. piece of clothing as part of uniform or costume; to wear such

2. piece of clothing as distinguishing marker or indicator of station; to wear such

2. part of uniform or costume as indicator of station/job; to wear such

3. piece of clothing as ornament or accessory; to wear such

3. part of uniform or costume as ornament; to wear such

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. piece of clothing as covering; to wear such

1. piece of clothing as fashion; to wear such

1. part of uniform as covering; to wear such

1. part of costume as covering; to wear such

2. piece of clothing as distinguishing marker; to wear such

2. piece of clothing as indicator of station; to wear such

2. part of uniform as indicator of station/job; to wear such

2. part of costume as indicator of station/job; to wear such

3. piece of clothing as ornament; to wear such

3. piece of clothing as accessory; to wear such

3. part of uniform as ornament; to wear such

3. part of costume as ornament; to wear such

-GW-   ‘AMBULATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. ambulate (as natural to specific species, e.g., walk, slither, fly, crawl, etc.)

1. “formal” ambulation, e.g., march, prance

2. rapid ambulation (as per specific species, e.g., run, gallop, scamper, scurry, etc.)

2. purposeful rapid ambulation, e.g., flee, race

3. unnatural or affected ambulation

3. deliberately unnatural or affected ambulation, e.g., swagger, saunter

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to the nature of the bodily movement/gait

same as above 3 stems referring to  the translative/directional motion from one point toward another

same as above 3 stems referring to the nature of the bodily movement/gait

same as above 3 stems referring to  the translative/directional motion from one point toward another

-JM- ‘IN-LAW/FOSTER RELATIONS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of parent/child in-law relationship

1. member of foster family

2. male member of parent/child in-law relationship

2. male member of foster family

3. female member of parent/child in-law relationship

3. female member of foster family

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. parent in-law

1. child in-law

1. foster parent

1. foster child

2. father in-law

2. son in-law

2. foster father

2. foster son

3. mother in-law

3. daughter in-law

3. foster mother

3. foster daughter

-K-  ‘PATH-ORIENTED TRANSLATIVE MOTION’ (QUASI-LINEAR)

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. move from one place to another; translative motion (i.e., motion from one place toward another)

1. journey; to travel, traverse, to journey

2. course/way/route/trajectory followed between two points

2. route travelled/traversed on journey

3. move between two points; motion along path from one point to another; to cross/go across from one side to another

3. travel between two points / make a crossing / travel across

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. motion “outward”; go

1. motion “inward”; come

1. go travelling / be off

1. journey toward

2. movement away; go away (= increase distance between two objects)

2. close in / get close(r) (= decrease distance between two objects)

2. travel further away from

2. reach vicinity of / close in on

3. leave (= move away from one point toward some distant point)

3. approach (= approach one point from direction of some distant point)

3. departure; depart

3. arrival; arrive / reach destination

-KC- ‘LOWER ORDER LIFE FORM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. lower-order life form (i.e. non-vertebrate)

same as INFORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.)

2. microbe

3. non-microbial animal

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. bacterium

1. soft-bodied animal (e.g., jellyfish, sponge, slime mold)

2. virus

2. exoskeletal animal (e.g., insect, arthropod, crustacean)

3. protist

3. endoskeletal animal

-KÇ-     ‘AFFECTIVE BODILY SENSATIONS (SURFACE-TACTILE)’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1.   itch

1.    “creeps”/crawling sensation

2.   tingle

2.   tickle

3.   sting/prick

3.   “chill” feeling / feeling of hairs standing on end

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above three stems w/ focus on effect/sensation itself

same w/ focus on causal act or source, e.g., the stinging itself, the interaction b/w irritant and skin giving rise to the itch, etc.

same as above three stems w/ focus on effect/sensation itself

same w/ focus on causal act or source

-KČ-  EXCUSE / FOREGIVENESS / ABSOLUTION / AMNESTY

act of seeking and granting excuse, of seeking to be condoned and being condoned

seeking of and granting of propitiation/ appeasement/placation

the craving of pardon/forgiveness plus the granting of pardon/forgiveness

the seeking of and granting of absolution

atonement/make amends/do penance plus the act of redemption/recognition of one’s amends

the seeking of and granting of amnesty or indemnification

ask to be excused for one’s conduct/traits/presence, etc. / seek to be condoned or to have one’s conduct or presence overlooked or allowed for

to excuse, condone, allow for; act of excusing or condoning someone’s conduct/traits/presence, etc.

seek to be appeased or placated; state of seeking appeasement or placation

propitiate, appease, placate; act of appeasement or placation

crave pardon, beg forgiveness

pardon/forgive; act of pardoning or forgiveness

seek absolution, seek to be absolved

absolve

atone, make amends, do penance, seek redemption

redeem, accept one’s penance or amends

seek/try for amnesty or indemnification

grant amnesty, indemnify; act of granting amnesty or indemnification

-KF-  ‘TYPES OF HARD OR NON-LIVING BODILY TISSUES’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. tooth

1. head hair

2. fingernail/toenail/claw

2. whisker / facial hair

3. hard growth of skin (e.g., wart, corn, callus, bunion, scar)

3. pubic/armpit hair

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact

Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact

-KL-   ‘WATER IN NATURAL MOTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a flow of water / to flow or run

1. river / to flow as a river / to run as a river

2. sprinkle / shower; to sprinkle or shower upon

2. rain(fall); to rain

3. cascade / pour [= free falling of water]

3. waterfall

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. water component of a flow of water

1. channel or course of a flow of water

1. water component of a river

1. channel or course of a river

2. water component of a sprinkle/shower

2. trajectory or course of a sprinkle/shower

2. water component of rain

2. “path” or course of a rain shower

3. water component of a cascade or pouring of water

3. trajectory or course of a pouring of water

3. water component of a waterfall

3. channel or “groove” of a waterfall

KN-    ‘SNAKE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of mammalian/avian/reptilian genus

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

KP-  ‘LENGTH’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of (static) dimensional property (e.g., short/long)

same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to an applied contextual gestalt (e.g., the vicinity, the depths, the expanse, the interregnum, the surroundings, the perimeter, etc.)

2. dynamic decrease in degree of dimensional property (e.g., shorten/ing)

3. dynamic increase in degree of dimensional property (e.g., lengthen/ing)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems applied to spatial context

same as above 3 stems applied to temporal context

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. tool, instrument, implement as extension of bodily appendage(s) (e.g., as per force, strength, precision, reach, pressure, instrument as labor-saving or efficiency-increasing means etc.)

1. utensil, specialized implement for assisting in refined task

2. tool, instrument as means of “defying nature” (e.g., wheel, wedge, fulcrum, etc.

2. mechanical/motorized/electric/electronic implement/device

3. supply-like resource/implement used by itself or in  association with specific tool (e.g., nail, tack, clothespin, hook)

3. supply-like resource/implement used as fuel or input for mechanical/electrical/electronic implement/device

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

Same as above 3 stems referring to thing itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to function/use thereof

-KS-   ‘TWO/DUALITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set of two / a duo; to be two in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make dual / having 2 uses or aspects / bi- / twofold

3. second one in a sequence; be/make second in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. twice the number of something; to double / multiply by two

1. half; halve / divide by or into two

2. two times [= iterations] / twice; to be/make/do twice

2. be of or make into two parts; bifurcate(d)

3. to the second power / squared; to square / raise to the second power

3. to the negative second power / inverse square; to divide by the square of

-KSS-   HADRONS (COMPOSITE FERMIONS OR COMPOSITE BOSONS)

INFORMAL

FORMAL

baryon (including nucleons, hyperons, and charmed particles)

meson

nucleon

light unflavored meson / effect (i.e., nuclear interaction [strong and weak nuclear force]

hyperon or charmed particle

high-energy flavored meson / effect

COMPLEMENTARY STEMS

COMPLEMENTARY STEMS

ordinary (positive) baryon

anti-baryon

vector meson

pseudoscalar meson

proton

neutron

light unflavored meson

effect of light unflavored meson (i.e., nuclear interaction [strong and weak nuclear force]

hyperon

charmed particle

high-energy flavored meson

effect of high-energy flavored meson

-KŠ-   ‘FOOL/CLOWN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. fool(ish); dupe

1. town fool, village idiot

2. buffoon, laughingstock

2. clown

3. nerd, dweeb

3. jester

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems in non-serious context of “in fun” or “for laughs”

Same as above 3 stems in poignant, sorrowful, pathetic context

Same as above 3 stems in context of entertainment

Same as above 3 stems in context of parody or as a foil for society

-KT-   ‘ROCK/MINERAL-BASED SOIL/GROUND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. stone [as substance/material or substrate/ground]

1. rock(y) [= specific natural embodiment of stone]

2. sand [as substance/material or substrate/ground]

2. gravel

3. clay [as substance/material or substrate/ground]

3. lava [w/ CPT = volcanic rock/lava-based rock]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance

Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance

Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament

-KT’-  ‘PRESSURE-BASED or REACTION-BASED
or GRAVITATION-BASED EQUILIBRIUM/MOTION/PROPULSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. something hovering or floating; for something to hover, float, or be suspended upon (based on equilibrium, via pressure or volume-dispersion, against other medium such as air, water, gas, vapor, etc.) [both the object hovering/suspended + the act of suspension/hovering/floating]

2. something hovering or floating; for something to hover, float, or be suspended upon (based on gravitational equilibrium or nullification, e.g. at the top of an arc of trajectory or at a La Grange point) [both the object hovering/suspended + the act of suspension/hovering/floating]

3. something in orbit around another body; to orbit [both the object hovering/suspended + the act of suspension/hovering/floating]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

-KT^h-  ATOM / NUCLEUS / ELECTRON CLOUD

INFORMAL

FORMAL

atom

instance of chemical element

atomic nucleus

nuclide (i.e., specific configuration of Z-value, N-value, and energy state for a particular atomic nucleus)

atomic electron cloud

orbital state (i.e., state and behavior of an electron based on its orbital probability distribution)

COMPLEMENTARY STEMS

COMPLEMENTARY STEMS

physical atom itself

behavioral state/effect of physical atom

physical instance of chemical element

effect of physical instance of chemical element

atomic nucleus itself

behavioral state/effect of atomic nucleus

specific nuclide configuration

effect of specific nuclide configuration

atomic electron cloud itself

behavioral state/effect of atomic electron cloud, i.e., photon-mediated attractive force (Coulomb force)

orbital state

effect of orbital state

-KŢ- ‘SIMILARITY/SAMENESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. similar(ity) to oneself (on another occasion)

1. same (= selfsame)

2. similar(ity) to (an)other entity/instance

2. same (= identical to (an)other entity/instance)

3. remind (one) of / reminder

3. same (= copy/replacement)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on appearance or superficial impression

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on function, purpose or behavior

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on identity or appearance

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on function, purpose or behavior

-KŢR-    ‘EAGLE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of mammalian/avian/reptilian genus

1. member of genus as resource

2. male member of genus

2. male as resource

3. female member of genus

3. female as resource

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wild member of genus

1. bred or domesticated member of genus

1. member of genus as food/prey

1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product

2. wild male member of genus

2. bred or domesticated male member of genus

2. male as food/prey

2. male as derived resource or processed product

3. wild female member of genus

3. bred or domesticated female member of genus

3. female as food/prey

3. female as derived resource or processed product

-KV- ‘QUALITY OR PROPERTY OF MATTER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of quality/property of matter

same as INFORMAL stems except that degree of particular quality/property is unusual, abnormal, unexpected, or has been changed from expected norm

2. decrease in degree of quality/property of matter

3. increase in degree of quality/property of matter

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

-KW- ‘COLOR/HUE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. something having a color plus the color

same as INFORMAL stems but tinted/painted/stained, etc. to have other than its natural color

2. something light-colored plus the color

3. something dark-colored plus the color

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. something having a color

1. a color

2. something having a light color

2. a light color

3. something having a dark color

3. a dark color

   -KY- ‘COFFEE PLANT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. genus of branched tree/bush and/or leaved plant

1. wood product

2. leaf

2. leaf product

3. bark

3. bark product

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wood

1. seed/fruit/nut

1. wood as resource

1. seed/fruit as food or resource

2. root

2. flower/blossom

2. root as food or resource

2. flower as food or resource

3. branch

3. sap

3. branch as resource

3. sap product/syrup

-K’-   ‘LIGHT / RADIANT ENERGY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. ray of sunlight

1. ray of radiant light or energy (non-solar)

2. the Sun / Sol

2. flame / “tongue” of fire

3. star

3. artificial source of light or energy

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. light from a ray of sunlight

1. heat from a ray of sunlight

1. ray of light (non-solar)

1. ray of energy/heat (non-solar)

2. the Sun as light source

2. the Sun as energy/heat source

2. ray of firelight

2. flame as energy/heat source

3. starlight

3. energy of a star

3. lamp light / light from artificial source

3. energy/heat from artificial energy/heat source

-K^h- ‘SOCIAL INTERRELATION/INTERACTION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. act/state of social interaction/interrelation + benefits, consequences, or implications thereof

1. expected/natural role of member of a relationship + benefits, consequences, or implications thereof

2. act/state of “dominant” or initiating partner in social interaction/relationship

2. expected/natural role of “dominant” or initiating partner of a relationship + benefits, consequences, or implications thereof

3. act/state of “passive” or secondary/complementary partner in social interaction/relationship

3. expected/natural role of “passive” or secondary or complementary partner of a relationship + benefits, consequences, or implications thereof

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems with focus on act/state of social interaction or interrelation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on benefits, consequences, or implications of act/state of social interaction or interrelation

Same as above 3 stems with focus on act/state of social interaction or interrelation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on benefits, consequences, or implications of act/state of social interaction or interrelation

-L-   ‘SPEAK/VOICE/ORAL SOUND/INTERPRETATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. vocal utterance / oral sound; utter

1. meaning or interpretation of vocal utterance; to mean or signify

2. talk / speak / spoken utterance [parole]

2. meaning or interpretation of word; to mean or signify

3. rhetorical utterance / express [langue]

3. meaning or interpretation of sentence or phrase; to mean or signify

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical production of sound

same as above 3 stems referring to communication/conveying of content

same as above 3 stems referring to objective meaning, signification or denotation

same as above 3 stems referring to subjective interpretation, connotation or “impact”

-LB-  DIMENSIONAL/SPATIO-TEMPORAL RELATIONS

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of (static) dimensional property (e.g., short/long)

same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to an applied contextual gestalt (e.g., the vicinity, the depths, the expanse, the interregnum, the surroundings, the perimeter, etc.)

2. dynamic decrease in degree of dimensional property (e.g., shorten/ing)

3. dynamic increase in degree of dimensional property (e.g., lengthen/ing)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems applied to spatial context

same as above 3 stems applied to temporal context

-LC^h- ‘UPRIGHT POSITION OR ORIENTATION/VERTICALITY/PERPENDICULAR/PROTRUSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. upright/erect position or orientation (relative to long axis of object) / stand (up)

1. vertical (i.e., parallel to gravity or plane of earth’s surface)

2.  stick up or out/ protrude

2. occupying position of maximum contrast to a position of repose; position of maximum “alertness” or readiness or action

3. perpendicular / position or orientation at right angles  to background firmament (relative to long axis of object); be or stand on end

3. stretch(ed) outward; pull(ed) or configure(d) to maximum height perpendicular to background firmament

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself as an abstract concept

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself as an abstract concept

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

-LL- ‘ONE/UNITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. one

1. single entity / single / singular

2. (something) alone/lone/sole

2. (something) isolated

3. (something) unique

3. 9something) independent / self-reliant / self-sufficient

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. unit (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)

1. unify/unite; unit (in terms of being indivisible)

Same as above 3 stems in terms of there being no other instance/example thereof

Same as above 3 stems in terms of entity being indivisible

2. alone/lone/sole (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)

2. alone/lone/sole (in terms of being indivisible)

3. unique (in terms of being unduplicated, copied, or their being no other instance/example thereof)

3. unique (in terms of being indivisible)

 -LM-  ‘MUSIC’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. musical note or tone / produce [i.e., play] musical note or tone [sound + its playing]

Same as INFORMAL stems except that they apply to the production of song, i.e., vocal music or for voice with musical accompaniment

2. consciously select musical note [for purpose of composition] + sound of note

3. a musical beat or measure [sound + its playing]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. sound of musical note or tone

1. producing/playing of musical note or tone

2. sound of selected musical note

2. conscious selection of musical note [for purpose of composition]

3. sound of a musical beat or measure

3. production/playing of a musical beat or measure

-LQ^h- ‘CLASSES OF WATERLIFE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. skeletal/vertebral waterlife form

Same as INFORMAL holistic stems referring to tamed, domesticated, bred, etc. individual

2. exoskeletal/arthropod form

3. soft-bodied waterlife form

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. jellyfish-like lifeform

1. gilled/finned fish

Same INFORMAL complementary stems referring to tamed, pet, domesticated, bred, etc. individual

2. crustacean

2. “non-standard”-shaped fish (e.g., ray, eel, squid, octopus, etc.)

3. shellfish

3. sea mammal (e.g., whale, seal, walrus, etc.)

-LŘ-  ‘CLASSES OF MAMMAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. marsupial

Same as INFORMAL stems referring to tamed, domesticated, pet, bred, etc. individual

2. egg-laying mammal, ovoviviparous mammal

3. placental mammal

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to male

Same as above 3 stems referring to female

-LT-   ‘WRITE/INSCRIBE/DOCUMENT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. inscribe [= make written symbol]; written symbol

1. written record / thing containing writing

2. write message; written content

2. document

3. “write” [= compose via writing] / to author

3.  “page” of writing / “page” of a written work [“page” = visible interface]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical act of inscription

same as above 3 stems referring to communication/conveying of content

same as above 3 stems referring to the physical document

same as above 3 stems referring to the content

-LT^h- ‘DEITY / SPIRITUAL ENTITY / SUPERNATURAL ENTITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (a) spirit / supernatural entity

1. angel

2. deity / god / “overseer” spirit

2. God / Supreme Being / Creator deity

3. demon

3. the Devil / Satan

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to male gender

same as above 3 stems referring to female gender

same as above 3 stems referring to male gender

same as above 3 stems referring to female gender

-LŻ- ‘SPECIALIZED VOLITIONAL BODILY SOUNDS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. non-linguistic sound made by mouth (i.e., tongue, teeth, lips)

1.  consonant

2. non-linguistic sound made from throat or vocal chords

2. vowel

3. sound made by non-oral, non-vocal part of the body

3. phoneme

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound

Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound

Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself

-Ļ- ‘BREATHE/RESPIRATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. respire/inhale or exhale; a breath

1. inflate (w/ air)

2. yawn

2. blow (passage of air under pressure through narrow opening)

3. pump (by air)

3. suck/suckle/siphon

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on external/internal transfer of air/gas

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physiological action or motion involved

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on external/internal transfer of air/gas

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physiological action or motion involved

-ĻN-     ‘CLASSES OF LAND/AIR ANIMAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. mammal

Same as INFORMAL stems referring to domesticated, tamed, bred, pet, etc. individual

2. non-mammalian, non-avian, non-reptilian animal, i.e.,  insect/arthropod/arachnid/worm/mollusk

3. avian or reptilian lifeform

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. insect

1. mollusc

2. worm

2. bird

3. arthropod/arachnid

3. reptile

-M- ‘APPEARANCE/SEMBLANCE/IMPRESSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. appear to be/seem/look as if/give (off) the impression of; appearance/semblance/impression

1. ostensible/ostensibly

2. on the face of it, on first blush

2. resemble, look like

3. on the surface/superficially/seemingly

3. façade, veneer

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on thing giving off the impression or appearance

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on affective impression to the observer

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on thing giving off the impression or appearance

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on affective impression to the observer

-MB- ‘GEOGRAPHICAL/GEOPOLITICAL ELEMENTS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. geographical feature or element

1. geopolitical feature or element

2. geographical area / “land”

2. geopolitical area / “land” or “country”

3. natural piece of territory

3. (piece of) property

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on geophysical feature or element

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus as natural habitat

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus as political entity

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on political boundaries/borders

-MK-     ‘ASPECTS/METHODS OF INGESTION/FEEDING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1.   bite/bite down; a bite

1.    place in mouth

2.   masticate/ruminate/chew (on); act of chewing [naturally iterative root]

2.   swallow

3.   suck (on); act of sucking

3.    taste = roll around in mouth/on palate

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same w/ focus on phys process/mouth movement

same w/ focus on the morsel, bit, or amount of liquid being consumed

same w/ focus on phys process/mouth movement

same w/ focus on the morsel, bit, or amount of liquid being consumed

-MM-   ‘NUCLEAR FAMILY MEMBER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. nuclear family member

1. non-sanguine family member

2. male family member

2. non-sanguine male family member

3. female family member

3. non-sanguine female family member

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. parent

1. child/offspring

1. step-parent

1. step-child

2. father

2. boy child / son

2. step-father

2. step-son

3. mother

3. girl child / daughter

3. step-mother

3. step-daughter

-MN-   ‘AWE / BE OR FEEL IMPRESSED / HUMBLENESS IN FACE OF SOMETHING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. non-volitional (i.e., affective) experience of awe; feel awe [state + content]

Same as INFORMAL stems except referring to a formal/institutionalized/symbolic expressions of awe, i.e., feeling of worship(fulness).

2. humbleness caused by non-volitional experience of state or feeling of awe

3. cause or causal circumstance for non-volitional state/feeling or awe

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on process itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on experiential state/feeling itself

-MP-   ‘SMELL/ODOR’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. to smell (= use olfactory sense) + odor smelled

1. examine or inspect via smelling + odor smelled

2. nose (olfactory organ + facial proboscis)

2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument + odor detected

3. imagine a smell (act + imagined odor)

3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to smell (= use olfactory sense)

1. whiff of odor, a smell; to give off a whiff of odor

1. examine or inspect via smelling

1. odor detected via inspection or examination

2. nose (= olfactory organ)

2. nose (= facial proboscis)

2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument

2. odor detected via olfactory instrument

3. imagine an odor

3. an imagined odor

3. create or manufacture an odor

3. manufactured odor

-MP’- ‘ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS/FORMS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. column/pillar

1. strut/buttress

2. “side”/wall (external)

2. partition

3. floor [= base/ground]

3. roof

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

-MR-  ‘TRANSFER OF POSSESSION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. temporary, circumstantial, incidental direct transfer of possession (i.e., give / take)

1. quasi-permanent or official transfer of possession (i.e., rendering/reception; render, receive)

2. temporary, circumstantial, incidental indirect transfer (i.e., to leave for someone / to take based on discernment of availability)

2. quasi-permanent or official transfer (i.e., bestowal or bequest/acquisition; bestow/acquire)

3. temporary, circumstantial, incidental transfer over distance (i.e., to bring something / to leave with something)

3. deliver/take ownership of

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. give, lend

1. take, borrow

1. donate; donation

1. receive; reception

2. leave (something for someone), make available

2. get, obtain

2. leave to heir

2. inherit; inheritance

3. thing given, gift (given)

3. thing taken, gift (taken)

3. bestow; bequest

3. acquire; acquisition

-MŘ-   ‘TEN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 10; to be 10 in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make ten-faceted / having 10 uses or aspects / deci- / deca- / tenfold

3. tenth one in a sequence; be/make tenth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 10 times the number of something; multiply by 10

1. atenth / divide by 10 or into 10 parts

2. 10 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 10 times

2. be of or make into 10 parts; separate(d) into 10 parts

3. to the 10th power; raise to the 10th power

3. to the negative 10th power; to divide by the 10th power of

-MS-   ‘VALUE/WORTH/PRICE/COST’
(Often used in conjunction with various Quantifying and Modulative affixes from Sections 5.5.6 and 5.5.5 to show relative degree of value within context)

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. be valuable/worthwhile, have value/worth [in terms of usefulness, convenience, efficacy, service, applicability]

1. cost appraisal, assessment, estimate, quote

2. be valuable/worthwhile, have value/worth [in terms of personal desire or emotional attachment]

2. cost, expense, expenditure [what is (to be) given up or released in exchange for something, either a commercial or non-commercial context]

3. be valuable/worthwhile, have value/worth [in terms of financial benefit or gain, profit, or remuneratively]

3. rate (of payment); formula/terms for determining payment

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on intrinsic value

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on actual value (i.e., degree to which the intrinsic value can actually be utilized, consumed or manifested)

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to cost quoted or agreed to

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to actual payment

-MT’-‘CLASSES OF ANIMAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. animal of land or air (i.e., “terroid”)

Same as INFORMAL holistic stems but domesticated, tamed, captive, or bred

2. waterlife (i.e., “aquoid”)

3. amphibian

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems but domesticable

same as above 3 stems but undomesticable

same as above FORMAL stems but as pets or tamed

same as above FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, breeding stock, etc.)

-MT^h- ‘SOIL/GROUND/DIRT (MIXED ORGANIC + MINERAL)’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. dirt/ground/soil [=substance + function as substrate/firmament]

1. peat

2. mud

2. dirt(y)/filth(y) [= soiled, unclean]

3. ground cover [organic-based, e.g., carpet of leaves]

3. mulch/compost/fertilizer

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself

same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament

same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself

same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament

-MX- ‘SEASON’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. season, time of year

1.  social behavior/custom associated with particular season (e.g., celebration, recreation, vacation, etc.)

2. weather associated w/ particular season / seasonal weather

2. weather-determined practice/behavior/custom associated with particular season (e.g., migration, mating, nesting, hibernation, etc.)

3. cyclic state/condition of flora/fauna associated with a particular season

3. practice/behavior/custom relating to maintenance/upkeep of crops, game and other material resources associated with a particular season (e.g., foraging, hunting, planting, harvest, storage, etc.)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to the timeframe itself relative to the greater annual cycle or calendar year

Same as above 3 stems referring to the context of the season itself irrespective of the greater annual cycle

Same as above 3 stems referring to the timeframe itself relative to the greater annual cycle or calendar year

Same as above 3 stems referring to the context of the season itself irrespective of the greater annual cycle

-MXh- ‘HORIZONTAL SUPPORTING SURFACE AGAINST GRAVITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. “ground”/firmament

1. floor

2. table-like horizontal flat object / slab

2. table

3. shelf-like flat object

3. shelf

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity

same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity

-MY-   ‘GRATITUDE/THANKFULNESS/PRAISE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. thank(s) / offer gratitude due to unexpected favor or convenience performed

1. praise

2. thank(s) / offer gratitude due to being relieved/rescued from negative situation

2. gratefulness; feeling or manifestation of being beholden to someone or something [feeling is justified and an honor to be feeling]

3. thank(s) / offer gratitude within ironic circumstances or merely as a courtesy, i.e., where expectation of thanks is for an unwanted, unnecessary, or purely symbolic act or required little or no effort on doer’s part

3. feeling or manifestation of being beholden or obliged to someone or something [feeling is resented and unwanted]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on intent to convey gratitude

same as above 3 stems with focus on actual display of gratitude

same as above 3 stems with focus on desire/intent to convey the feeling

same as above 3 stems with focus on actual display of the feeling

-MZ- ‘REMEMBER/RECALL/MEMORY/RECORD’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. memory; remember (= recall) [whether unwilled/affective or self -willed/voluntary]

1. trace/track/vestige

2. retain / retention of something past into present

2. memorial (object/action formally recognizing or acknowledging something/someone past)

3. remember [= commit to memory] / memorize

3. to record / a record

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. a memory itself (i.e., the content thereof)

1. faculty of memory/recall (i.e., the process of using one’s memory)

same as above 3 stems with focus on that which the physical manifestation memorializes or gives evidence/remembrance of

same as above 3 stems with focus on the object/event/physical manifestation itself which conveys the memory or record

2. a memory retained or kept fresh (i.e., the content thereof)

2. a memory retained or kept fresh (i.e., the process thereof)

3. thing remembered or memorized [=event/act/situation/state, etc. committed to memory]

3. process of committing something to memory

-MŽ- ‘GENDER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. gender

1. psycho-sexual identity

2. neuter

2. asexual / psychologically neuter

3. androgynous

3. sexual preference/orientation

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. male (anatomically)

1. female (anatomically)

1. masculine (psycho-behaviorally)

1. feminine (psycho-behaviorally)

2. sterile (incapable of procreation)

2. genderless (neither male nor female anatomically)

2. celibate/chaste

2. asexual; devoid of sexual desire

3. androgyne / androgynous (difficultyfor others to determine gender)

3. hermophrodite / hermophroditic (anatomically both male & female)

3. sexual preference or orientation psychologically

3. sexual orientation in actuality (as manifested)

-ND- ‘QUESTION/INQUIRY/ANSWER/RESPONSE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. question & answer [statement requesting information + the answer/reply/response thereto]

1. inquire/inquiry + answer

2. query/investigate [investigative act + discovery made]

2. research + findings

3. ponder/introspect [self-questioning + conclusion]

3. analyze + results of analysis

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. question [statement requesting information]

1. response/reply/answer [information desired or given]

1. inquire/inquiry

1. answer [i.e., result of inquiry]

2. query

2. answer (to query) [i.e., cause/reason for what is being looked into or investigated]

2. research

2. finding(s)/discovery made via research

3. ponder/introspect; to question oneself mentally

3. conclusion [(desired) result of self-analysis]

3. analyze

3. conclusion/results of analysis

 -NS-   ‘SEVEN’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 7 / a septet; to be 7 in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make seven-faceted / having 7 uses or aspects / septi- / sevenfold

3. seventh one in a sequence; be/make seventh in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 7 times the number of something; to septuple / multiply by 7

1. a seventh / divide by 7 or into 7 parts

2. 7 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 7 times

2. be of or make into 7 parts; separate(d) into 7 parts

3. to the 7th power; raise to the 7th power

3. to the negative 7th power; to divide by the 7th power of

-NST- ‘RECLINE / PRONE POSITION OR ORIENTATION / HORIZONTALITY’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. recline(d) / prone position (relative to long axis of object) / lie (down) / lay (out)

1. horizontal (relative to gravity or plane of the earth’s surface) / orientation perpendicular to direction of gravity

2. recumbent position / position of relaxation relative to gravity --> sprawl, loll

2. occupying position of maximum repose or having a positional or dynamic orientation based on the path of least resistance relative to gravity

3. flush / flat against / position or orientation level with some flat or even firmament / lay flat

3. flatten(ed); collapse(d) or configure(d) to minimum height perpendicular to background firmament

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

same as above 3 stems with focus on the position itself

same as above 3 stems with focus on object/thing in that position

-NT-    ‘HEAR(ING)/SOUND’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. hear a sound; aural faculty + sound heard

1. listen to a (specific) sound / discern aurally a (specific) sound

2. ear (aural organ + physical part of body, i.e., Spanish oído + oreja)

2. aural instrument / device for detecting sound waves + sound detected

3. imagine a sound (act + sound)

3. create or manufacture a sound + sound created

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. to hear; aural faculty

1. sound

1. listen

1. (selected) sound

2. ear (aural organ)

2. ear (body part)

2. aural instrument

2. sound detected via aural instrument

3. imagine a sound / hear in one’s mind

3. imagined sound

3. create or manufacture a sound

3. sound created

-NY-   ‘CHOICE/ALTERNATIVE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. choose/choice [from open selection]

1. select/pick [from limited selection]

2. prefer(ence)

2. alternative/option

3. settle (for)

3. vote [w/ CPT = elect]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act of choosing/preferring

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on choice or preference made

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on act of choosing/preferring

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on choice or preference made

-Ň-   ‘(ONE) HUNDRED’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 100; to be a hundred in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make 100-faceted / having 100 uses or aspects / hundredfold

3. hundredth in a sequence; be/make hundredth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 100 times the number of something; to multiply by 100

1. a hundredth / divide by 100 or into 100 parts

2. 100 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 100 times

2. be of or make into 100 parts; separate(d) into 100 parts

3. to the 100th power; raise to the 100th power

3. to the negative 100th power; to divide by the 100th power of

-ŇČ- ‘NON-SANGUINE RELATION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. member of godparent-godchild relationship

1. adoptive family member

2. male member of godparent-godchild relationship

2. male adoptive family member

3. female member of godparent-godchild relationship

3. female adoptive family member

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. godparent

1. godchild

1. adoptive parent

1. adopted child

2. godfather

2. godson

2. adoptive father

2. adopted son

3. godmother

3. goddaughter

3. adoptive mother

3. adopted daughter

-ŇG- ‘TEMPORARY ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. momentaneous or short-lived atmospheric phenomenon [physical occurrence + manifestation/effect]

1. zone of high or low barometric pressure relative to surrounding pressure

2. flash of lightning + peal of thunder [electrical phenomenon + associated sound]

2. cold or warm air front

3. cloud [in the sky]

3. eye of a storm

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. momentaneous or short-lived atmospheric phenomenon [physical occurrence]

1. manifestation/effect of momentaneous or short-lived atmospheric phenomenon

1. low pressure zone

1. high pressure zone

2. flash of lightning

2. peal of thunder

2. cold air front

2. warm air front

3. cloud [in the sky] – physical occurrence

3. impact/effect of cloud [in the sky], e.g., its hiding of the sun, it causing zero visibility as a plane flies through it, etc.

3. eye of storm [physical occurrence]

3. short-lived calm/still conditions associated with the eye of a storm

-ŇGY- ‘STICKY/ADHESIVE MATERIAL’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sticky substance or material; to stick / to be mired in

1. adhesive substance material; adhere/stick (via adhesive)

2. goo / ooze / slime

2. glue / liquid adhesive

3. sap / resin

3. cement / mortar / grout

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to organic-based substance

Same as above 3 stems referring to non-organic or synthetic substance

-ŇK- ‘ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS (ORNAMENTAL/SPECIALIZED)’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. tower

1. window opening

2. dome

2. doorway

3. spire/steeple

3. balcony/terrace

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

same as above 3 stems referring to physical shape/form

same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose

-ŇKY-   ELEMENTARY PARTICLES/FORCES OF PHYSICS (FERMIONS & BOSONS)

INFORMAL

FORMAL

1. fermion (+ anti-fermion)

1. boson + its fundamental interaction or associated “force”

2. quark (+ anti-quark)

2. “string” (from string theory) + its associated vibration

3. lepton (+ anti-lepton)

3. acceleron (from dark energy theory) + dark energy

COMPLEMENTARY STEMS

COMPLEMENTARY STEMS

1. fermion

1. anti-fermion

1. boson

1. fundamental “force” (e.g., electromagnetism, strong, weak, gravity, dark energy)

2. quark

2. anti-quark

2. “string” (from string theory)

2. vibration of “string” (from string theory)

3. lepton

3. anti-lepton

3. acceleron (hypothetical particle associated with theories of dark energy)

3. dark energy (i.e., counter-gravitational “force” that is accelerating the expansion of the universe

-ŇK^h- ‘WHOLE NUMBER/INTEGER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a (whole) number, numeral, digit, integer

Same as INFORMAL stems but applied to formal, authoritative, permanent context as per Section 3.7

2. having more than one aspect; multifaceted

3. numerical series/sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. multiply (by)

1. divide (by)

2. consisting of more than instance; multiple instance(s) of

2. having more than one part; consisting of parts; non-unitary; non-unified

3. exponential/logarithmic progression

3. negative exponential/logarithmic progression

-P-    [The CARRIER Root – see Section 9.3]

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. [carrier stem representing animate being]

2. [carrier stem representing inanimate entity]

3. [carrier stem representing abstract referent]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. [carrier:  human]

1. [carrier:  non-human animate being]

2. [carrier: tangible/physical entity]

2. [carrier:  intangible/subjective entity, e.g., thought, emotion, sensation, etc.]

3. [carrier:  place name]

3. [carrier:  abstract concept]

-PC-    ‘MARITAL/SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1.  state of marriage / marital state / state of being married

1. spouse

2. act of infidelity / extramarital liaison / to be unfaithful / to betray spouse

2. extramarital sex partner / mistress or gigolo

3.  betrothal / engagement; be betrothed, be engaged

3. fiancé(e) / being a fiancé(e)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1.  formal/legal state of marriage

1. emotional bond of love/fidelity underlying marriage

1. husband

1. wife

2. physical act of infidelity/betrayal

2. breaking of emotional bond underlying marriage

2. gigolo, kept man (male equivalent of mistress)

2. mistress

3. formal/legal status of being betrothed/engaged

3. emotional bond of love/fealty underlying betrothal/engagement

3. fiancé

3. fiancée

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. non-volitional (i.e., affective) experience of a state/feeling/emotion; feel (an) emotion [state + content]

Same as INFORMAL stems except referring to a formal/institutionalized/symbolic expressions of the particular emotion.

2. act or action caused by non-volitional experience of state or feeling

3. cause or causal circumstance for non-volitional state/feeling

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on process itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on experiential state/feeling itself

-PR-    ‘LEG’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. leg (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function]

FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc.

2. leg (as support) [both physical body part and function]

3. leg (as ambulator, extension, limb) [both physical body part and function]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. leg as physical body part

1. leg as manipulating body part (e.g., for kicking, stomping)

2. leg as or balancing appendage for body

2. leg as support against gravity

3. leg as limb/extension

3. leg as ambulatory organ

-PSTW-   ‘100 MILLION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 100 million; to be 100 million in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.7

2. be/make 100 million-faceted / having 100 million uses or aspects / 100 million-fold

3. 100 millionth in a sequence; be/make quadrillionth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 100 million times the number of something; to multiply by 100 million

1. a ten quadrillionth / divide by 100 million or into 100 million parts

2. 100 million times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 100 million times

2. be of or make into 100 million parts; separate(d) into 100 million  parts

3. to the 100 millionth power; raise to the 100 millionth power

3. to the negative 100 millionth power; to divide by the 100 millionth power of

-PŠ-   ‘HAPPEN/OCCUR(ENCE)/MANIFEST/EVENT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. happen / occur / take place / to “pass”

1. step / act / action

2. manifest / be or make real / reify

2. phenomenon

3. event (spacio-temporal context)

3. incident

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical manifestation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect or consequence

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on physical manifestation itself

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the effect or consequence

-PŢ- ‘ANGULAR STRUCTURE / CORNER’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. (two-dimensional) angle

Same as INFORMAL stems but in reference to permanent, authoritative, formal contexts or to social or analogical contexts

2. (three-dimensional) vertex

3. angle-based constraint on access or movement

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. interior angle of two-dimensional surface or analog

1. exterior corner/vertex of two-dimensional surface or analog

2. interior vertex/corner of three-dimensional space

2. exterior corner/vertex of three dimensional space

3. corner as constraint

3. corner as opportunity for choice of movement

-PX-   ‘FOUR’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. a set or group of 4 / a quartet; to be 4 in number

FORMAL stems for this root have the same meanings as the INFORMAL stems except that they are applied in official, authorized, permanent contexts as described in Section 3.4

2. be/make four-faceted / having 4 uses or aspects / quadri- / tetra- / fourfold

3. fourth one in a sequence; be/make fourth in a sequence

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. 4 times the number of something; to quadruple / multiply by 4

1. a fourth / divide by 4 or into 4 parts / quarter

2. 4 times [= iterations]; to be/make/do 4 times

2. be of or make into 4 parts; separate(d) into 4 parts

3. to the 4th power; raise to the 4th power

3. to the negative 4th power; to divide by the 4th power of

-P’- ‘SEEK/SEARCH’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. search, seek, look for something unknown [i.e., location/existence uncertain]

1. hunt, hunt for [i.e., location/existence uncertain]

2. search, seek, look for something lost [i.e., something known to exist which is missing]

2. pursue, track down [i.e., existence certain, location surmisable]

3. inspect

3. quest / seek to accomplish/achieve something

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to search/quest itself

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to thing being looked for or sought

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to search/quest itself

same as above 3 stems w/ reference to thing being looked for or sought

-P^h-     ‘BRANCHED AND/OR LEAVED PLANT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. genus of branched tree/bush and/or leaved plant

1. wood product

2. leaf

2. leaf product

3. bark

3. bark product

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. wood

1. seed/fruit/nut

1. wood as resource

1. seed/fruit as food or resource

2. root

2. flower/blossom

2. root as food or resource

2. flower as food or resource

3. branch

3. sap

3. branch as resource

3. sap product/syrup

-Q-   ‘HIGHER ORDER ANIMAL LIFE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. higher order being (i.e., large bilateral vertebrate with discrete organs)

1. authorized or officially designated person or animal/beast

2. human, person

2. official, authorized person

3. non-human higher order being or animal, beast

3. pet or zoo animal/beast

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. male higher order being

1. female higher order being

1. authorized male animal/ or officially designated man or beast

1. authorized or officially designated woman or female animal/ beast

2. human male, man

2. human female, woman

2. official, authorized man

2. official, authorized woman

3. male higher order animal or beast

3. female higher order animal or beast

3. male pet or zoo animal/beast

3. female pet or zoo animal/beast

-QČ-  ‘RESPIRATORY PAROXYSM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act + sound]

FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional)

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act + sound]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act + sound]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act]

1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [sound]

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act]

2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [sound]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act]

3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [sound]

-QL- ‘LIQUID/FLUID’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. drop of liquid/fluid + liquid/fluid itself

1. Same as INFORMAL Stem No. 1 but referring to substance in an abnormal solid or gaseous state

2. drop of liquid/fluid as derived from other substance + the derived liquid subtance itself

2. thing/object composed of liquid + its function/purpose

3. source of a liquid/fluid

3. status of substance/compound as being or not being in a liquid/fluid state

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. drop of liquid/fluid

1. liquid/fluid subtance itself

1. substance in an abnormal solid (i.e., frozen) state

1. substance in an abnormal gaseous state (i.e., vapor)

2. drop of liquid/fluid as derived from other substance

2. the derived liquid/fluid subtance itself

2. object created, molded or manufactured from a liquid

2. function/purpose of object created, molded or manufactured from a liquid

3.  natural source of a liquid/fluid

3.  derived or artificially created source of a liquid or fluid

3. liquid/fluid state

3. viscous state (quasi-liquid but able to be deformed/shaped; semi-solid)

-QM- ‘COMPONENT OF BODY’S RESPIRATORY/CARDIO-VASCULATORY SYSTEM’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. heart

1. lung

2. vascular component

2. component of respiratory system

3. (an amount of) blood

3. oxygen

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the physical component(s) or tissue

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the function/purpose

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the physical component(s)/tissue

Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on the function/purpose

-QR- ‘CELEBRATORY ACT/ CEREMONIAL RITE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. act of jubilation (as manifestation of personal joy, contentment, freedom, self-indulgence, etc.) [both act + cause/reason]

1. solemn act of commemoration/memorial

2. act of celebration (in positive recognition of something) [both act + cause/reason]

2. solemn act of recognition/acknowledgement

3. joyful or celebratory symbolic/ceremonial rite [both act + cause/reason]

3. solemn symbolic/ceremonial rite

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to reason, cause or motive

Same as above 3 stems referring to act itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to reason, cause or motive

-QT-   ‘DEGREE OF PLEASURE/FULFILLMENT/SATISFACTION/HAPPINESS’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. degree of physical/sensual pleasure [both feeling and cause]

1. degree of spiritual/value-based/philosophically-oriented pleasure/contentment [both feeling and cause]

2. degree of emotional/psychological contentment/pleasure [both feeling and cause]

2. degree of happiness
(spiritual/value-based/philosophically-oriented) [both feeling and cause]

3. degree of physical satisfaction/satiety [both feeling and cause]

3. degree of emotional/psychological satisfaction and fulfillment [both feeling and cause]

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to the affective state/feeling/experience itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the cause or causal context, e.g., ‘a pleasant visit’ or ‘a satisfying meal’

Same as above 3 stems referring to the affective state/feeling/experience itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to the cause or causal context, e.g., ‘a happy home’ or ‘a fulfilling job’

-QŢ-  ‘SIBLING’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. sibling

1. step-sibling

2. brother

2. step-brother

3. sister

3. step-sister

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. half-sibling [shared mother]

1. half-sibling [shared father]

1. step-sibling [stepmother is mother of other sibling]

1. step-sibling [stepfather is father of other sibling]

2. half-brother [shared mother]

2. half-brother [shared father]

2. step-brother [stepmother is mother of other sibling]

2. step-brother [stepfather is father of other sibling]

3. half-sister [shared mother]

3. half-sister [shared father]

3. step-sister [stepmother is mother of other sibling]

3. step-sister [stepfather is father of other sibling]

-QW- ‘FOOD PLANT’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. plant grown/harvested/cultured as food source

1. food dish/serving derived from plant

2. vegetable

2. food dish/serving derived from vegetable

3. fruit

3. food dish/serving derived from fruit

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

Same as above 3 stems referring to plant itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to edible part of plant or plant in edible condition following any necessary processing

Same as above 3 stems referring to serving/dish itself

Same as above 3 stems referring to consumption/ingestion  of the dish

-Q’- ‘INTERIORITY / POSITION OR ORIENTATION INSIDE’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. position/orientation somewhere inside (of), i.e., underneath or on other side of surface or boundary layer

1. entirety of an interior space/compartment (e.g., of house, car, device, etc.)

2. position/orientation somewhere inside of (2-D context), i.e., within the area defined by a boundary line

2. entirety of an interior surface / functional planar area within the boundaries of

3. position/orientation somewhere inside of (3-D context), i.e., within the volume set off by a boundary membrane, surface/wall, etc.

3. entirety of an interior volume / functional space within the boundaries of

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems with focus on interior position (i.e. position other than on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on position on interior surface (i.e. position on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on interior position (i.e. position other than on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

same as above 3 stems with focus on position on interior surface (i.e. position on inside surface of boundary between interior and exterior

-Q^h- ‘TRANSCENDENCE / SPIRIT / RELIGION’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. one’s spirit or soul / transcendent “connection” to the universe

1. religious belief

2. universal oneness / metaphysical interconnectedness between all things

2. feeling of religious fervor or zeal

3. striving/quest for ultimate destiny/purpose/”Omega point”

3. striving/quest for salvation/redemption/enlightment (specific to particular religion)

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

same as above 3 stems referring to ontological nature

same as above 3 stems referring to belief/faith therein

same as above 3 stems referring to ontological nature

same as above 3 stems referring to belief/faith therein

-R- ‘THOUGHT/IDEA/REASON’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. think / cogitate + thought or idea cogitated

1. to reason / use logic + content of reasoning

2. consider + idea considered

2. analyze + object of analysis

3. propose + argument or idea proposed

3. abstract (= to mentally construct) + concept

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

COMPLEMENTARY Stems

1. think / cogitate; an act of thinking

1. a thought / an idea

1. to reason / use logic; act of reasoning

1. object of reasoning

2. consider; an act of consideration

2. a thought or idea considered

2. analyze; act of analysis

2. object of analysis

3. propose / posit

3. a proposition or argument

3. to abstract / conceive / conceptualize; act of abstraction or conception

3. concept

-RP’- ‘BODY PART’

INFORMAL Stems

FORMAL Stems

1. body part/component  (e.g., appendage, section, organ, gland, tissue, fluid, etc.)

1. bodily tissue/flesh/sinew

2. bodily organ

2. secondary organ/gland

3. bone